Parenting styles: understanding the different approaches to raising young children

January 15, 2025
four children hanging on a post looking into a garden

Parenting is an ever-evolving journey filled with decisions that shape your child’s future. A recent study published in JAMA Pediatrics explores how various parenting styles impact a child’s emotional and social development. Whether you’re a new parent or nurturing a growing toddler, understanding these approaches can help you tailor your parenting style to suit your child’s unique needs.

The three parenting styles explored

The study categorises parenting into three primary methods: authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian. Each has its own impact on a child’s early years.

1. Authoritative parenting

This style is characterised by a balance of warmth, structure, and responsiveness. Authoritative parents set clear boundaries while allowing children some autonomy. They encourage open communication, ensuring their child feels heard and supported.

Key Features:

  • Clear expectations with room for exploration.
  • Encouragement of problem-solving and independence.
  • Discipline that focuses on teaching, not punishment.


Benefits for Early Childhood:
Research highlights that children raised in an authoritative environment tend to develop strong emotional regulation and social skills, setting a solid foundation for their future.

2. Permissive Parenting

Permissive parents are nurturing and indulgent but often lack consistency in setting rules. Their focus is on creating a warm environment, sometimes at the cost of structure and discipline.

Key Features:

  • High levels of warmth and affection.
  • Few demands or expectations.
  • Limited enforcement of rules.


Impact on Young Children:

While children may feel free to express themselves, they might struggle with self-discipline and boundaries. This can lead to challenges when they start engaging with more structured environments like daycare or kindergarten.

3. Authoritarian Parenting

This approach is rule-driven, with a strong emphasis on obedience and discipline. Authoritarian parents often enforce rules without much room for negotiation or dialogue.

Key Features:

  • Strict rules with little flexibility.
  • High expectations, often accompanied by punitive measures.
  • Limited emotional warmth or explanation of decisions.

Effects on Development:
Children may exhibit high levels of compliance in the short term but could face challenges with self-esteem and social interactions as they grow.

Choosing the Right Approach for Your Family

The JAMA Pediatrics study suggests that an authoritative approach strikes the best balance, fostering both emotional well-being and independence. However, it’s essential to remain flexible and adapt based on your child’s temperament and needs.

Practical Tips for Parents of Young Children

  • Set boundaries with love: Combine structure with empathy by explaining rules in an age-appropriate way.
  • Encourage open dialogue: Allow your child to express their thoughts, even if you disagree. This builds trust and understanding.
  • Be consistent yet flexible: While consistency helps children feel secure, adapt when necessary to meet your child’s changing needs.
  • Foster independence: Let your little one take small steps toward independence, such as choosing their outfit or helping with simple tasks.

Final thoughts

Your parenting style can significantly influence your child’s early development. By understanding the different approaches and tailoring your strategy, you can nurture a happy, resilient, and confident child. Remember, the goal isn’t perfection—it’s progress. Celebrate small victories and learn from every challenge on your parenting journey.

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